The results of the first industrial revolution

Andy

December 3, 2022 at 1:30 am

The industrial revolution is a very important turning point in the history of bourgeois development. One of the popular topics that have received widespread attention in contemporary and international is modernization. From the perspective of modernization expressed by most theserators, modernization includes the meaning of composite diversification, at least there are industrialization, technical, urbanization, political democratization, knowledge of national knowledge, and environmental purification. From this perspective, the modernization of modernization and the arrival of modern society are synchronized. Without the mechanism of modern society, modernization cannot be mentioned. The industrial revolution is a step in achieving a key role in the process of modernization. The development of the Capitalist Handmade Workshop has played a leading role in the emergence of modern society. However, relying on its strength alone, the real industrialization still "" cannot be "". As the Marx's comment quoted in the second topic of this book pointed out, the manual workshop cannot be transformed all production. The industrial revolution triggered by the technological revolution can only lead to the result of industrialization. The large machine industry based on the factory system brought by the industrial revolution has changed the economic structure of society, so that humans began to get rid of the ancient agricultural society that has been rushed to the world and move towards the industrial society.

The first industrial revolution began in the UK. When it comes to the conditions of the British Industrial Revolution, people always never forget to mention its agricultural revolution, overseas trade, colonial plunder, Treasury bond system, tax policy, etc. This is of course correct. But there is another point that must be added, that is the market expansion. It is precisely because of the expansion of the demand for goods on the market, and it has directly become the guide to increase production, and it has a strong pursuit of labor productivity, which has caused the invention of the machine.

Is about the British Industrial Revolution, including the invention of Kay, Hagrifs, Akletton, Klgpton, Cartres, Watt, and so on. Essence What needs to be explained slightly is that after the United Kingdom, many countries such as the United States, France, and Germany have also begun the industrial revolution, reflecting the common laws of capitalism.

The conditions of the American Industrial Revolution have certain particularity, which can also be said to be unique. Of course, this must be the first "westward movement". After the United States is independent, it continues to expand territorial west by merging, cheap purchase and other means. By the middle of the 19th century, it has become the Pacific Ocean east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Canada in the north, and a vast territory in the south of Mexico. In just more than half a century, the field has increased by 7 and a half times. The minerals, water conservancy and forest resources of the western territory are very rich, and the land is fertile, the climate is suitable, and there are long coastline and excellent ports. This provides good conditions for its industrialization and agricultural development.

The vast western land attracted thousands of eastern people, and they scrambled to rush to the west. First go to the west east of the Mississippi River, then the central and western regions, and finally come to the distant west, including the desolate Oregon region. People have removed weeds in the west, flattened bushes, and reclaimed a large number of farmland. After the gold mines in the A Merida River Basin in 1848, the gold rushing heat caused a large number of people to run towards California. All this is the "westward movement". In the process, the Indians in the western ancestors were expelled and slaughtered, and they were rushed to the "residence" in the wilderness area. However, a large number of people flow into the west, which has also developed this vast world. The rapid development of American agriculture has become one of the largest food exporters in the world. For a long time, the professional layout of the US economy was formed. The northeast is a traditional industrial area. The west is a vast agricultural area. According to the different natural environment, the "Wheat Kingdom", "pastoral cattle kingdom", "cotton kingdom" and grape parks appear. This kind of specialization of regional economy formed under the objective laws of economic development is a major feature in the development of American economic development, and it also provides very favorable conditions for the development of the industrial revolution. In the northern part of the industrialization, the south of the important origin of cotton and sugar cane, and the west of grain -producing foods, all need to be complementary and need to strengthen commodity exchanges. The trade volume between various regions has doubled and even increased by 10 times. The domestic market conditions owned by the American Industrial Revolution are difficult for other countries to look back. In addition, with the victory of the north in the civil war, the process of rebuilding the south after the war also made the south an attractive investment place.

has a big problem in the economic development of the United States, which is a serious lack of labor. In the early 19th century, the American population was only about 7 million. By the middle of the 19th century, the land area was so large, and the smoke was even more scarce. In the open momentum, the younger United States absorbs foreign immigrants in large quantities, so that this problem has been relieved to a considerable degree. In the second half of the 19th century, there were as many as 27 million people who moved to the United States. The main body of the residents of the United States is composed of migrants. To this day, the population that moves to the United States every year still tens of thousands of. In the history of the world, the number of immigrants, the extensive scope, the long period of time, and the depth of the impact, has not yet reached a precedent of this level. It is worth noting that most of the Europeans are in immigration, and the proportion of Britain is the largest. There are quite a few people who have production technology, including some senior intellectuals. Immigration entering the west basically depends on the spirit of entrepreneurship and development to stand firm. The westward movement and the absorption of foreign immigrants have cultivated and improved the aggressive spirit and cheerful personality of the American nation to a considerable extent.

The American Industrial Revolution was carried out in such a background and environment. During the period of independence, although it has obtained the status of sovereign countries, it is economically unable to get rid of its attachment to Britain. Therefore, the industrial revolution is also a way out of its economic independence. In terms of promoting the industrial revolution, the federal government's policy has played a great positive role. It establishes national banks, issued banknotes, absorbing money, loans to industry; implementation of tariff protection; encouraging scientific and technological progress, implementing patent laws, and so on. The government's support is another favorable condition for the American Industrial Revolution.

, like the United Kingdom, the industrial revolution in the United States also began in the cotton textile industry. Still at the end of the 18th century, Americans imitated the Jenny spinning machine. Soon it was invented that the cotton rolling machine was increased by nearly a hundred times the efficiency of cleaning the raw cotton. In the early 19th century, weaveding technology was introduced from the United Kingdom. The New England region in the northeast has developed rapidly into the cotton textile industry center. Subsequently, the clothing, glass, glass, wool spinning and other industries also realized the use of machine production.

Is after the Northern and Southern War, the industrial revolution has made rapid progress, especially the development of heavy industry is faster. Mining, metallurgy, oil mining and refining industries have developed at a rate of 10 or even tens of times, showing a scene of prosperity. Among them, there are two huge domestic stimulus factors. The first is the urgent need for agricultural machinery caused by the development of the west. The second is the climax of railway construction set off to communicate the traffic of the East and the West. These two major factors are not only a strong driving force for the industrial revolution, and itself has become the result of the industrial revolution and an important part.

The vast western land is endless. The westward movement has increased the number of arable land in the United States, reaching more than 800 million acres, which is equivalent to the sum of the area of Britain and France. Despite a large number of immigrants, the labor force is still very lacking. The average house that is allocated after the "House Law Law" is more than 1,000 acres. How can a family manage it? The only way out is mechanization. This has made the invention and production of agricultural machinery a top priority; thereby greatly promoting the industrial revolution and the development of iron smelting and steelmaking. In the mid -to -late 19th century, the process of mechanization in the United States was extremely rapid, and it was quite common to use farming, sowing, fertilization, harvesting, rigidity, packaging, and so on.

The transportation industry. First of all, after building a highway vigorously, after Folton invented the auto vessel, the inland shipping industry developed greatly, and the excavation of the canal to form a boom. However, with the development of the west, it is necessary to build a railway railway that runs across the East and West, becoming the top priority. For this reason, Congress specifically adopted resolutions to encourage private companies to invest in road repair and state subsidies. In this way, a wave of railways appeared soon. In less than half a century, the Central Pacific -Joint Pacific Railway, Santafei Railway, North Pacific Railway, South Pacific Railway, and Greater North Railway were built. The length exceeds the sum of the length of the European railway. Repair railways, manufacturing locomotives, passenger cars, and trucks naturally provide a huge market for the steel industry, especially the rail rolling industry. At the same time, railway construction also includes comprehensive causes of many projects such as station construction, pillow wood supply, carriage equipment, management and recruitment and training of management and service personnel, and promoted the industrial revolution from various aspects.

Railway transportation also provides convenient conditions for commercial circulation and cargo transportation, making various areas with professional economic characteristics combined into a whole. Therefore, it is not surprising that the United States has developed into the world with the most economic strength in the world in the world.

If France until the middle of the 19th century, the second largest economic power after the United Kingdom. Its industrial revolution began to be very early, and before the Great Revolution broke out, it had introduced steam engines and Jenny spinning machines from the United Kingdom. Lecryzo Metallurgical Corporation, which has the second to none in Europe, is one of the largest coal mining companies in Europe, which is equipped with advanced equipment such as steam engines, steam hammer, and Mara Railway. Individual textile factories use the Jenny spinning machine. However, with the outbreak of the Grand Revolution in 1789, a war against foreign armed interference since 1792, and then the Napoleonic War in the next year, coupled with the long -term turbulence of the internal situation. The scene made the industrial revolution just started to stop. Although it has also moved in some gaps, after all, it is extremely slow and difficult to become a climate. After the Napoleon Empire collapsed, the industrial revolution improved. In particular, the British government lifted the ban on machine exports in 1825, allowing the French industry to have the opportunity to introduce more advanced machinery and equipment, and took the pace of the industrial revolutionary rejuvenation. However, at the time, it was a period of restoration of the dynasty, and the investment environment was quite unfavorable. In 1824, King Charlie Tenth, the throne, was even more upside -down, trying to fully restore the feudal system, and the industrial revolution became more and more difficult.

1830 The July Revolutionary Revolutionary Restarted Dynasties, the Oliang dynasty (July Dynasty), which built a bourgeoisie, has improved significantly. In July, the heirs of the Great Revolution held their own heirs, and the environment of the industrial revolution greatly improved, so they began to take off. By the end of the 40s, the number of steam engines increased from 625 to 5,212, and the average horsepower dropped from 16 to 12.5. The decrease in steam engine horsepower shows that the steam engine has begun to be miniaturized and more commonly used. In the past, steam engines were mainly used to pump water from the pit during mining, which requires high horses. At this time, it can be installed in the light textile industry as a power device. French spinning machines have 116,000 units. Of course, if compared with the United Kingdom, the mechanization of the French industry is still very low. At that time, there were more than 20,000 steam engines in the UK. However, due to the original tradition and foundation, coupled with the abundance of iron ore resources, the metallurgical industry in France was developing rapidly. At 30 years, the production of raw iron increased by three times. The congenital lack is that the French coal mine resources are poor and the quality is poor. As an important logo of industrial development, the construction speed is quite slow. On the whole, the French industry is still an absolute advantage in small production. The large number of large industries using machines are not many, and there is still a long way to go to the industrial revolution. There are many reasons for this situation. Two of them are the most important: First, the political situation has been turbulent for a long time since the Great Revolution. Although the Napoleonic War was completed, the restoration dynasty rely on the protection and reconstruction of the anti -French coalition bayonet. In this case, the bourgeoisie did not want to take risks to invest in the industry. It would rather put the funds on the credit business, and even loan abroad to eat interest. Second, since the 16th century, the most economic strength is the financial bourgeoisie. This class has become a fortune with bonds and national debt, which has formed tradition for centuries. In their opinion, getting rich with food profits, existing benefits and less risks, and can also use the funds in their hands to affect the manipulating the securities market. Therefore, they are more keen on lending bonds and stock market transactions, and they are unwilling to invest in industry directly. The July dynasty was manipulated by the financial bourgeoisie. Naturally, the will of the financial nobles transferred to governance, which hindered the development of the industrial revolution. This contradiction is not obvious at the beginning, and after the industrial bourgeoisie has developed a certain degree, it is increasingly acute. This shows that shortly after the French Industrial Revolution was truly taken off, it was blocked by the ruler's policies.

1848 The February Revolution was caused by this contradiction. The purpose was to overthrow the rule of the financial aristocracy and clear the road for the development of industrial capitalism. However, after the February Revolution, the Republican regime did not stabilize the national political situation, but it was in a continuous turbulence, and it must not affect the process of the industrial revolution. From this point of view, despite the early start of the French Industrial Revolution, it has been retreating, retreating, stopping and stopping. It has been blocked many times. Even if the funds are insufficient, the investment psychology is difficult to form. After more than half a century, the level is still not high. This is its outstanding characteristics.

The biggest turn to the industrial revolution was after the establishment of the Second Empire of France. The Second Empire ruled by Napoleon III has stabilized the situation with a strong means, and provided a good environment for the industrial revolution with various policies that follow the economic development, such as encouraging the establishment of large companies, reducing industrial taxes, dredging canals, and vigorously building railways. Sign a favorable foreign contract, implement the trademark law to promote business, facilitate the circulation and turnover of funds, build water conservancy, reclaim the wasteland, and so on. The political situation is stable and the policy is appropriate, so that the industrial revolution has developed sharply. In about 20 years, the coal production has doubled, the raw iron is nearly twice, the steel is nearly 3 times, and the rails are nearly 5 times. The total motivation of the national steam engine has increased from 67,000 horsepower to 336,000 horsepower. The total output value of the industry has doubled, and the foreign trade volume has increased by three times, which is significantly more than the average development rate of the 19th century. In terms of agriculture, the use of chemical fertilizers, decarchers, harvesters, and grass machines has also become more common. Due to the improvement of agricultural labor productivity, the rural population began to be lower than the urban population for the first time. During the Second Empire, it was called "Agricultural Golden Age". By the late 1960s, the heavy industry and machine manufacturing industry developed rapidly, indicating that the first industrial revolution in France was completed.

This should be noticed that in France, the financial industry is still the most developed industry. At the same time, the production of small and medium -sized production in the industry also has an advantage. According to statistics in 1872, the average number of workers hired by each company in France is only 2.9, which is Paris, which is compared with the industry, and is just four. It can be seen that there are still few large companies produced by machines, and France has a long way to go. However, although there are few large enterprises, they have a lot of energy, and they still have a pivotal position in the entire national economy.

The situation of Germany is difficult to say. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, Germany was still a cracked country with dozens of states and free cities. At the same time, the development of various places is extremely unbalanced, and not all states have begun the industrial revolution at the same time. However, among the countries that have a certain influence of all German will, Prussia's capitalist economy is the most developed and the comprehensive national strength is the strongest, especially from the reform of the early 19th century, the reform of Hardenburg, Prussia. The reform of the capitalist nature promoted by the dynasty has made Prussia a country that transitions to capitalism through top -down reforms. Therefore, with Prussia as the leader, it has continuously expanded the influence of all German will, thereby promoting the development of the economy, which is a major feature of the German industrial revolution.

19 The German Industrial Revolution began in the 1930s. Prussian's assets have gradually introduced British machines, and textile factories using machines have begun to establish. At this moment, the Prussian government came forward to unite 18 adjacent state states, and established a tariff alliance in 1834. The 18 allies cancel their import tariffs on each other and unify the tax system. This tariff -headed alliance led by Prussia has greatly expanded the commodity market of the allies, which has also promoted the development of the industrial revolution. In the Ruac district of Prussia, due to rich high -quality coal mines, it has become an important base for the coal mining and metallurgical industry; the city of Saxon's Kaim Nitz is developed into the center of the cotton textile industry; … By the 1950s, the tariff alliance had basically expanded to Germany, and only in very different places such as Hamburg and Blacmei still retained its tariff system. This all -German tariff alliance has taken the lead in breaking through a political division, promoting the unified market of all virtue in the economic field, and injected new blood into the industrial revolution.

50 was the period when the Prussian Meridity Reform was comes to an end. It turned out that the Juncker Manor economy with serfs and embarked on the capitalist road was removed. Some ancestors' relationships, from essence to appearance, basically become capitalist farms. At the same time, the degree of agricultural mechanization has also greatly improved, and the output value has grown rapidly. In terms of providing raw materials, markets, and labor, it has played a good role in promoting the industrial revolution.

Under such conditions, the German industrial revolution entered a climax period. A large number of joint -stock companies appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. The length of the railway line increased rapidly. Increased by 5.6 times, and steel output increased by nearly 28 times. In 1871, the unity of Germany was unified, and the unification of the monetary system, tax system, measurement unit, commercial regulations, traffic management, etc., made the industrial revolution even more. After the French war war, 5 billion fraud compensation from France enriched industrial capital; the occupied Alsace and Lorraine regions have very rich non -metallic mineral salt and iron ore, which provides the chemical industry and metallurgy industry. A huge amount of raw materials.

The German industrial revolution began to be relatively late, but when it took off, it coincided with the interlacing of the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution, which was conducive to it more advanced Scientific and technological basis is carried out. At the same time, the German government attaches great importance to education and scientific research, which makes the industrial revolution a more solid foundation than the British and French industrial revolution, so that Germany has developed into the world's second industrial country in less than a long time.

The role in the transformation of the industrial revolution in society often exceeds the political revolution, but it is not like a strong shock wave and the situation of the situation like the political revolution. The productive forces are beyond their unexpected development, the factory system replaces the tremendous changes of the handmade workshop, and shows a new look of the capitalist social mechanism, which has driven the rapid evolution of the entire society. After decades, the economic system with agriculture and rural areas has become an economic system with industry and cities as the main body, and a large -scale change of people's lives and the economic geographical conditions of the country. The rise of new cities, the reform of the old cities, the general trend of the population from rural flow to the city, the trend of the country's move to urbanized society, and the phenomenon of industrial output value far exceeding the agricultural output value. People and those who are politicians are very surprised. They are sad and happy, but they can only adapt and decide to be unable to stop.

The comprehensive and profound social change is the manifestation of human society from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. challenge. With an irreversible momentum, it changes people's traditional customs, value orientation, and even the standards for choosing karma. In the process of this social turning point, accompanied by severe exploitation and squeezing, the situation of "a few happy and more sorrows" is very clear. As a result, the social structure and class structure have changed, and they are combined into some new social interest groups. Among them, the most important is of course the formation of the two major classes of the industrial bourgeoisie and industrial proletariat.

The bourgeoisie of the industrial bourgeoisie compared to the work of the businessman's manual period, with a stronger spirit of aggressiveness and awareness of development in free competition. It has achieved the achievements based on the industry's industry, and it is far from the old assetrs. The capacity of industrial transformation of agriculture, the capacity of absorbing free labor, the impact on the entire society, and competition in the international market have made capitalism play the protagonist in the trend of world history, and quickly change the power of capitalism and former capitalist forces. Comparison. The revolution and reforms of the nature of the 19th century have surged, sweeping the world, and in the middle of the century, the capitalist world system was initially formed. It was the embodiment of this historic change. The feudal and feudal social systems were helpless, and they could only give their throne to capitalism.

The team of proletarian, that is, industrial workers, is another new social interest group. It is different from the past craft workshop workers. There are no small pieces of land, no traditional production tools, and without any ancestral law. They are purely hiring workers. The labor conditions produced by the machine and the concentrated labor environment connected by the machine make them have the characteristics of concentrated, unity and discipline. Soon after that, they gradually realized that their group was fate and had a common desire and request. This is the general awareness of class, knowing that you belong to the same group. Later, after the guidance of scientific theory, we would realize the concept of class awareness. Of course, this is just those advanced workers. As a social group, workers fight for their own interests and social status, so as to form a historical trend, adding new content to world history. It is this trend that has promoted socialism in the ideological field to think about the development of science. With the gradual combination of socialist and workers' movements, this trend has also grown, becoming one of the historical tide of parallel interlacing in the 19th century.

The formation and development of the two major social classes. The exclusion of the machine industry's rivalry industry has differentiated and reorganized the previous middle class. The so -called middle class, which is usually called petty bourgeoisie, including small business owners, small shops, handicrafts, vendors, etc. A small part of them was bankrupt under the exclusion of the large machinery industry, and a large number of was forced to be employed by the factory, becoming an integral part of the working class. Most people continue to exist, but many people are at stake, facing the threat of bankruptcy. Although more people have not faced a crisis, they are also very worried about their prospects. Therefore, it is also formed to be another social interest group, eager to find a place in social changes, and strive to fight for the maintenance and improve the social status. There are many socialist schools in the 19th century, and this is the root cause. Among them, the tendency of anarchism to reflect the emotions of the bankruptcymen; while trying to retain the theory of small private ownership, it is often embodied by the petty bourgeoisie. The petty bourgeoisie is keen to participate in the democratic movement, and it is also because of the desire to improve the social status.

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5 thoughts on “The results of the first industrial revolution”

Andy
December 3, 2022 at 1:30 am

The industrial revolution is a very important turning point in the history of bourgeois development. One of the popular topics that have received widespread attention in contemporary and international is modernization. From the perspective of modernization expressed by most theserators, modernization includes the meaning of composite diversification, at least there are industrialization, technical, urbanization, political democratization, knowledge of national knowledge, and environmental purification. From this perspective, the modernization of modernization and the arrival of modern society are synchronized. Without the mechanism of modern society, modernization cannot be mentioned. The industrial revolution is a step in achieving a key role in the process of modernization. The development of the Capitalist Handmade Workshop has played a leading role in the emergence of modern society. However, relying on its strength alone, the real industrialization still "" cannot be "". As the Marx's comment quoted in the second topic of this book pointed out, the manual workshop cannot be transformed all production. The industrial revolution triggered by the technological revolution can only lead to the result of industrialization. The large machine industry based on the factory system brought by the industrial revolution has changed the economic structure of society, so that humans began to get rid of the ancient agricultural society that has been rushed to the world and move towards the industrial society.

The first industrial revolution began in the UK. When it comes to the conditions of the British Industrial Revolution, people always never forget to mention its agricultural revolution, overseas trade, colonial plunder, Treasury bond system, tax policy, etc. This is of course correct. But there is another point that must be added, that is the market expansion. It is precisely because of the expansion of the demand for goods on the market, and it has directly become the guide to increase production, and it has a strong pursuit of labor productivity, which has caused the invention of the machine.

Is about the British Industrial Revolution, including the invention of Kay, Hagrifs, Akletton, Klgpton, Cartres, Watt, and so on. Essence What needs to be explained slightly is that after the United Kingdom, many countries such as the United States, France, and Germany have also begun the industrial revolution, reflecting the common laws of capitalism.

The conditions of the American Industrial Revolution have certain particularity, which can also be said to be unique. Of course, this must be the first "westward movement". After the United States is independent, it continues to expand territorial west by merging, cheap purchase and other means. By the middle of the 19th century, it has become the Pacific Ocean east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Canada in the north, and a vast territory in the south of Mexico. In just more than half a century, the field has increased by 7 and a half times. The minerals, water conservancy and forest resources of the western territory are very rich, and the land is fertile, the climate is suitable, and there are long coastline and excellent ports. This provides good conditions for its industrialization and agricultural development.

The vast western land attracted thousands of eastern people, and they scrambled to rush to the west. First go to the west east of the Mississippi River, then the central and western regions, and finally come to the distant west, including the desolate Oregon region. People have removed weeds in the west, flattened bushes, and reclaimed a large number of farmland. After the gold mines in the A Merida River Basin in 1848, the gold rushing heat caused a large number of people to run towards California. All this is the "westward movement". In the process, the Indians in the western ancestors were expelled and slaughtered, and they were rushed to the "residence" in the wilderness area. However, a large number of people flow into the west, which has also developed this vast world. The rapid development of American agriculture has become one of the largest food exporters in the world. For a long time, the professional layout of the US economy was formed. The northeast is a traditional industrial area. The west is a vast agricultural area. According to the different natural environment, the "Wheat Kingdom", "pastoral cattle kingdom", "cotton kingdom" and grape parks appear. This kind of specialization of regional economy formed under the objective laws of economic development is a major feature in the development of American economic development, and it also provides very favorable conditions for the development of the industrial revolution. In the northern part of the industrialization, the south of the important origin of cotton and sugar cane, and the west of grain -producing foods, all need to be complementary and need to strengthen commodity exchanges. The trade volume between various regions has doubled and even increased by 10 times. The domestic market conditions owned by the American Industrial Revolution are difficult for other countries to look back. In addition, with the victory of the north in the civil war, the process of rebuilding the south after the war also made the south an attractive investment place.

has a big problem in the economic development of the United States, which is a serious lack of labor. In the early 19th century, the American population was only about 7 million. By the middle of the 19th century, the land area was so large, and the smoke was even more scarce. In the open momentum, the younger United States absorbs foreign immigrants in large quantities, so that this problem has been relieved to a considerable degree. In the second half of the 19th century, there were as many as 27 million people who moved to the United States. The main body of the residents of the United States is composed of migrants. To this day, the population that moves to the United States every year still tens of thousands of. In the history of the world, the number of immigrants, the extensive scope, the long period of time, and the depth of the impact, has not yet reached a precedent of this level. It is worth noting that most of the Europeans are in immigration, and the proportion of Britain is the largest. There are quite a few people who have production technology, including some senior intellectuals. Immigration entering the west basically depends on the spirit of entrepreneurship and development to stand firm. The westward movement and the absorption of foreign immigrants have cultivated and improved the aggressive spirit and cheerful personality of the American nation to a considerable extent.

The American Industrial Revolution was carried out in such a background and environment. During the period of independence, although it has obtained the status of sovereign countries, it is economically unable to get rid of its attachment to Britain. Therefore, the industrial revolution is also a way out of its economic independence. In terms of promoting the industrial revolution, the federal government's policy has played a great positive role. It establishes national banks, issued banknotes, absorbing money, loans to industry; implementation of tariff protection; encouraging scientific and technological progress, implementing patent laws, and so on. The government's support is another favorable condition for the American Industrial Revolution.

, like the United Kingdom, the industrial revolution in the United States also began in the cotton textile industry. Still at the end of the 18th century, Americans imitated the Jenny spinning machine. Soon it was invented that the cotton rolling machine was increased by nearly a hundred times the efficiency of cleaning the raw cotton. In the early 19th century, weaveding technology was introduced from the United Kingdom. The New England region in the northeast has developed rapidly into the cotton textile industry center. Subsequently, the clothing, glass, glass, wool spinning and other industries also realized the use of machine production.

Is after the Northern and Southern War, the industrial revolution has made rapid progress, especially the development of heavy industry is faster. Mining, metallurgy, oil mining and refining industries have developed at a rate of 10 or even tens of times, showing a scene of prosperity. Among them, there are two huge domestic stimulus factors. The first is the urgent need for agricultural machinery caused by the development of the west. The second is the climax of railway construction set off to communicate the traffic of the East and the West. These two major factors are not only a strong driving force for the industrial revolution, and itself has become the result of the industrial revolution and an important part.

The vast western land is endless. The westward movement has increased the number of arable land in the United States, reaching more than 800 million acres, which is equivalent to the sum of the area of Britain and France. Despite a large number of immigrants, the labor force is still very lacking. The average house that is allocated after the "House Law Law" is more than 1,000 acres. How can a family manage it? The only way out is mechanization. This has made the invention and production of agricultural machinery a top priority; thereby greatly promoting the industrial revolution and the development of iron smelting and steelmaking. In the mid -to -late 19th century, the process of mechanization in the United States was extremely rapid, and it was quite common to use farming, sowing, fertilization, harvesting, rigidity, packaging, and so on.

The transportation industry. First of all, after building a highway vigorously, after Folton invented the auto vessel, the inland shipping industry developed greatly, and the excavation of the canal to form a boom. However, with the development of the west, it is necessary to build a railway railway that runs across the East and West, becoming the top priority. For this reason, Congress specifically adopted resolutions to encourage private companies to invest in road repair and state subsidies. In this way, a wave of railways appeared soon. In less than half a century, the Central Pacific -Joint Pacific Railway, Santafei Railway, North Pacific Railway, South Pacific Railway, and Greater North Railway were built. The length exceeds the sum of the length of the European railway. Repair railways, manufacturing locomotives, passenger cars, and trucks naturally provide a huge market for the steel industry, especially the rail rolling industry. At the same time, railway construction also includes comprehensive causes of many projects such as station construction, pillow wood supply, carriage equipment, management and recruitment and training of management and service personnel, and promoted the industrial revolution from various aspects.

Railway transportation also provides convenient conditions for commercial circulation and cargo transportation, making various areas with professional economic characteristics combined into a whole. Therefore, it is not surprising that the United States has developed into the world with the most economic strength in the world in the world.

If France until the middle of the 19th century, the second largest economic power after the United Kingdom. Its industrial revolution began to be very early, and before the Great Revolution broke out, it had introduced steam engines and Jenny spinning machines from the United Kingdom. Lecryzo Metallurgical Corporation, which has the second to none in Europe, is one of the largest coal mining companies in Europe, which is equipped with advanced equipment such as steam engines, steam hammer, and Mara Railway. Individual textile factories use the Jenny spinning machine. However, with the outbreak of the Grand Revolution in 1789, a war against foreign armed interference since 1792, and then the Napoleonic War in the next year, coupled with the long -term turbulence of the internal situation. The scene made the industrial revolution just started to stop. Although it has also moved in some gaps, after all, it is extremely slow and difficult to become a climate. After the Napoleon Empire collapsed, the industrial revolution improved. In particular, the British government lifted the ban on machine exports in 1825, allowing the French industry to have the opportunity to introduce more advanced machinery and equipment, and took the pace of the industrial revolutionary rejuvenation. However, at the time, it was a period of restoration of the dynasty, and the investment environment was quite unfavorable. In 1824, King Charlie Tenth, the throne, was even more upside -down, trying to fully restore the feudal system, and the industrial revolution became more and more difficult.

1830 The July Revolutionary Revolutionary Restarted Dynasties, the Oliang dynasty (July Dynasty), which built a bourgeoisie, has improved significantly. In July, the heirs of the Great Revolution held their own heirs, and the environment of the industrial revolution greatly improved, so they began to take off. By the end of the 40s, the number of steam engines increased from 625 to 5,212, and the average horsepower dropped from 16 to 12.5. The decrease in steam engine horsepower shows that the steam engine has begun to be miniaturized and more commonly used. In the past, steam engines were mainly used to pump water from the pit during mining, which requires high horses. At this time, it can be installed in the light textile industry as a power device. French spinning machines have 116,000 units. Of course, if compared with the United Kingdom, the mechanization of the French industry is still very low. At that time, there were more than 20,000 steam engines in the UK. However, due to the original tradition and foundation, coupled with the abundance of iron ore resources, the metallurgical industry in France was developing rapidly. At 30 years, the production of raw iron increased by three times. The congenital lack is that the French coal mine resources are poor and the quality is poor. As an important logo of industrial development, the construction speed is quite slow. On the whole, the French industry is still an absolute advantage in small production. The large number of large industries using machines are not many, and there is still a long way to go to the industrial revolution. There are many reasons for this situation. Two of them are the most important: First, the political situation has been turbulent for a long time since the Great Revolution. Although the Napoleonic War was completed, the restoration dynasty rely on the protection and reconstruction of the anti -French coalition bayonet. In this case, the bourgeoisie did not want to take risks to invest in the industry. It would rather put the funds on the credit business, and even loan abroad to eat interest. Second, since the 16th century, the most economic strength is the financial bourgeoisie. This class has become a fortune with bonds and national debt, which has formed tradition for centuries. In their opinion, getting rich with food profits, existing benefits and less risks, and can also use the funds in their hands to affect the manipulating the securities market. Therefore, they are more keen on lending bonds and stock market transactions, and they are unwilling to invest in industry directly. The July dynasty was manipulated by the financial bourgeoisie. Naturally, the will of the financial nobles transferred to governance, which hindered the development of the industrial revolution. This contradiction is not obvious at the beginning, and after the industrial bourgeoisie has developed a certain degree, it is increasingly acute. This shows that shortly after the French Industrial Revolution was truly taken off, it was blocked by the ruler's policies.

1848 The February Revolution was caused by this contradiction. The purpose was to overthrow the rule of the financial aristocracy and clear the road for the development of industrial capitalism. However, after the February Revolution, the Republican regime did not stabilize the national political situation, but it was in a continuous turbulence, and it must not affect the process of the industrial revolution. From this point of view, despite the early start of the French Industrial Revolution, it has been retreating, retreating, stopping and stopping. It has been blocked many times. Even if the funds are insufficient, the investment psychology is difficult to form. After more than half a century, the level is still not high. This is its outstanding characteristics.

The biggest turn to the industrial revolution was after the establishment of the Second Empire of France. The Second Empire ruled by Napoleon III has stabilized the situation with a strong means, and provided a good environment for the industrial revolution with various policies that follow the economic development, such as encouraging the establishment of large companies, reducing industrial taxes, dredging canals, and vigorously building railways. Sign a favorable foreign contract, implement the trademark law to promote business, facilitate the circulation and turnover of funds, build water conservancy, reclaim the wasteland, and so on. The political situation is stable and the policy is appropriate, so that the industrial revolution has developed sharply. In about 20 years, the coal production has doubled, the raw iron is nearly twice, the steel is nearly 3 times, and the rails are nearly 5 times. The total motivation of the national steam engine has increased from 67,000 horsepower to 336,000 horsepower. The total output value of the industry has doubled, and the foreign trade volume has increased by three times, which is significantly more than the average development rate of the 19th century. In terms of agriculture, the use of chemical fertilizers, decarchers, harvesters, and grass machines has also become more common. Due to the improvement of agricultural labor productivity, the rural population began to be lower than the urban population for the first time. During the Second Empire, it was called "Agricultural Golden Age". By the late 1960s, the heavy industry and machine manufacturing industry developed rapidly, indicating that the first industrial revolution in France was completed.

This should be noticed that in France, the financial industry is still the most developed industry. At the same time, the production of small and medium -sized production in the industry also has an advantage. According to statistics in 1872, the average number of workers hired by each company in France is only 2.9, which is Paris, which is compared with the industry, and is just four. It can be seen that there are still few large companies produced by machines, and France has a long way to go. However, although there are few large enterprises, they have a lot of energy, and they still have a pivotal position in the entire national economy.

The situation of Germany is difficult to say. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, Germany was still a cracked country with dozens of states and free cities. At the same time, the development of various places is extremely unbalanced, and not all states have begun the industrial revolution at the same time. However, among the countries that have a certain influence of all German will, Prussia's capitalist economy is the most developed and the comprehensive national strength is the strongest, especially from the reform of the early 19th century, the reform of Hardenburg, Prussia. The reform of the capitalist nature promoted by the dynasty has made Prussia a country that transitions to capitalism through top -down reforms. Therefore, with Prussia as the leader, it has continuously expanded the influence of all German will, thereby promoting the development of the economy, which is a major feature of the German industrial revolution.

19 The German Industrial Revolution began in the 1930s. Prussian's assets have gradually introduced British machines, and textile factories using machines have begun to establish. At this moment, the Prussian government came forward to unite 18 adjacent state states, and established a tariff alliance in 1834. The 18 allies cancel their import tariffs on each other and unify the tax system. This tariff -headed alliance led by Prussia has greatly expanded the commodity market of the allies, which has also promoted the development of the industrial revolution. In the Ruac district of Prussia, due to rich high -quality coal mines, it has become an important base for the coal mining and metallurgical industry; the city of Saxon's Kaim Nitz is developed into the center of the cotton textile industry; … By the 1950s, the tariff alliance had basically expanded to Germany, and only in very different places such as Hamburg and Blacmei still retained its tariff system. This all -German tariff alliance has taken the lead in breaking through a political division, promoting the unified market of all virtue in the economic field, and injected new blood into the industrial revolution.

50 was the period when the Prussian Meridity Reform was comes to an end. It turned out that the Juncker Manor economy with serfs and embarked on the capitalist road was removed. Some ancestors' relationships, from essence to appearance, basically become capitalist farms. At the same time, the degree of agricultural mechanization has also greatly improved, and the output value has grown rapidly. In terms of providing raw materials, markets, and labor, it has played a good role in promoting the industrial revolution.

Under such conditions, the German industrial revolution entered a climax period. A large number of joint -stock companies appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. The length of the railway line increased rapidly. Increased by 5.6 times, and steel output increased by nearly 28 times. In 1871, the unity of Germany was unified, and the unification of the monetary system, tax system, measurement unit, commercial regulations, traffic management, etc., made the industrial revolution even more. After the French war war, 5 billion fraud compensation from France enriched industrial capital; the occupied Alsace and Lorraine regions have very rich non -metallic mineral salt and iron ore, which provides the chemical industry and metallurgy industry. A huge amount of raw materials.

The German industrial revolution began to be relatively late, but when it took off, it coincided with the interlacing of the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution, which was conducive to it more advanced Scientific and technological basis is carried out. At the same time, the German government attaches great importance to education and scientific research, which makes the industrial revolution a more solid foundation than the British and French industrial revolution, so that Germany has developed into the world's second industrial country in less than a long time.

The role in the transformation of the industrial revolution in society often exceeds the political revolution, but it is not like a strong shock wave and the situation of the situation like the political revolution. The productive forces are beyond their unexpected development, the factory system replaces the tremendous changes of the handmade workshop, and shows a new look of the capitalist social mechanism, which has driven the rapid evolution of the entire society. After decades, the economic system with agriculture and rural areas has become an economic system with industry and cities as the main body, and a large -scale change of people's lives and the economic geographical conditions of the country. The rise of new cities, the reform of the old cities, the general trend of the population from rural flow to the city, the trend of the country's move to urbanized society, and the phenomenon of industrial output value far exceeding the agricultural output value. People and those who are politicians are very surprised. They are sad and happy, but they can only adapt and decide to be unable to stop.

The comprehensive and profound social change is the manifestation of human society from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. challenge. With an irreversible momentum, it changes people's traditional customs, value orientation, and even the standards for choosing karma. In the process of this social turning point, accompanied by severe exploitation and squeezing, the situation of "a few happy and more sorrows" is very clear. As a result, the social structure and class structure have changed, and they are combined into some new social interest groups. Among them, the most important is of course the formation of the two major classes of the industrial bourgeoisie and industrial proletariat.

The bourgeoisie of the industrial bourgeoisie compared to the work of the businessman's manual period, with a stronger spirit of aggressiveness and awareness of development in free competition. It has achieved the achievements based on the industry's industry, and it is far from the old assetrs. The capacity of industrial transformation of agriculture, the capacity of absorbing free labor, the impact on the entire society, and competition in the international market have made capitalism play the protagonist in the trend of world history, and quickly change the power of capitalism and former capitalist forces. Comparison. The revolution and reforms of the nature of the 19th century have surged, sweeping the world, and in the middle of the century, the capitalist world system was initially formed. It was the embodiment of this historic change. The feudal and feudal social systems were helpless, and they could only give their throne to capitalism.

The team of proletarian, that is, industrial workers, is another new social interest group. It is different from the past craft workshop workers. There are no small pieces of land, no traditional production tools, and without any ancestral law. They are purely hiring workers. The labor conditions produced by the machine and the concentrated labor environment connected by the machine make them have the characteristics of concentrated, unity and discipline. Soon after that, they gradually realized that their group was fate and had a common desire and request. This is the general awareness of class, knowing that you belong to the same group. Later, after the guidance of scientific theory, we would realize the concept of class awareness. Of course, this is just those advanced workers. As a social group, workers fight for their own interests and social status, so as to form a historical trend, adding new content to world history. It is this trend that has promoted socialism in the ideological field to think about the development of science. With the gradual combination of socialist and workers' movements, this trend has also grown, becoming one of the historical tide of parallel interlacing in the 19th century.

The formation and development of the two major social classes. The exclusion of the machine industry's rivalry industry has differentiated and reorganized the previous middle class. The so -called middle class, which is usually called petty bourgeoisie, including small business owners, small shops, handicrafts, vendors, etc. A small part of them was bankrupt under the exclusion of the large machinery industry, and a large number of was forced to be employed by the factory, becoming an integral part of the working class. Most people continue to exist, but many people are at stake, facing the threat of bankruptcy. Although more people have not faced a crisis, they are also very worried about their prospects. Therefore, it is also formed to be another social interest group, eager to find a place in social changes, and strive to fight for the maintenance and improve the social status. There are many socialist schools in the 19th century, and this is the root cause. Among them, the tendency of anarchism to reflect the emotions of the bankruptcymen; while trying to retain the theory of small private ownership, it is often embodied by the petty bourgeoisie. The petty bourgeoisie is keen to participate in the democratic movement, and it is also because of the desire to improve the social status.

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Fredrick
December 3, 2022 at 1:30 am

The results of the first industrial revolution:
In 18th century from the technological revolution initiated from the United Kingdom to change from the production field, it is necessary to provide power support. The improvement of steam engines has promoted the popularity of machines and the establishment of large factory systems, thereby promoting transportation The innovation in the field of transportation, the huge revolution in the history of technological development, has created an era of machinery replacing manual labor. This is not only a technological reform, but also a profound social change, which has promoted changes in many aspects such as economic fields, political fields, ideological fields, and world markets.

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Preston
December 3, 2022 at 1:30 am

The invention of the steam engine reduces physical labor

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Nathaniel
December 3, 2022 at 1:31 am

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Gretchen
December 3, 2022 at 1:31 am

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